Keywords: Criminological theories, crime and deviance, strain theory, control theory, differential association theory, social bonds 4 Sociological Theories of Crime: Control Theory Review Problem Statement Criminology is not an old science; nevertheless, it is possible to say that the steps of its creation started long before its official DDB08 – Thesis Open Access Suppression form (only applicable if you wish to suppress your thesis) DDB09 – Notice of intention to submit PhD thesis form (all faculties) DDB10 – PhD IP Assessment form (compulsory for the Science, Engineering & Built Environment and Health Sciences) DDB14 – Confidentiality on the nomination of examiners Sep 13, · Criminology in and of itself deals with the study of prevention, causes, control, and management of criminal behavior both on individual and larger social levels. When doing research on various topics to use for your criminology thesis, it can be a bit difficult to find exactly the right one to use for your project
30 Crime and Punishment Essay Topics | blogger.com
Comprehensive crime prevention programs must include effective measures to prevent recidivism and to stop the cycle of failed adaptation by repeat offenders. Offenders released from confinement face a variety of challenges that may hinder their ability to become law-abiding citizens. Of particular concern are high-risk offenders with lengthy records of criminality.
A key feature of successful crime prevention strategies is the attention to the social reintegration of ex-prisoners into the community and the development of interventions designed to reduce the levels of recidivism. These interventions represent a wide array of efforts sponsored by the justice system, often in collaboration with community agencies and organizations.
Offender reintegration programs target the dynamic risk factors associated with recidivism and specific initiatives focus on specific challenges facing offenders, including substance abuse and unemployment, while others target specific offender groups, including sex offenders and high-risk young offenders. Offender reintegration programs can be generally grouped into prison-based programs, surveillance-based transition programs; assistance-based transition programs; and integrated, phd thesis on crime prevention, throughcare programs.
To date there have been few rigorous evaluations that would facilitate the identification of best practices and provide definitive conclusions as to the efficacy of specific interventions. From the limited evaluations that have been conducted, however, it is possible to identify several key features of interventions that appear to be effective in assisting offenders to reintegrate in the community and to impact on re-offending.
These programs provide a continuum of assistance from the incarceration stage to the release stage and beyond and involve close collaboration between justice, phd thesis on crime prevention, social service, health and other agencies, the offender's family, and community-based organizations.
It is important that the development of interventions designed to facilitate the social reintegration of offenders and reduce the rates of re-offending be informed by the efforts and outcomes of programmatic initiatives undertaken to date. This overview of current practices was prepared to set out some of the primary lessons that can inspire and guide practitioners in designing measures and strategies that are adapted to their circumstances.
The overview concludes with a number of practical considerations that should be considered in planning future interventions. Successful crime prevention strategies must address factors contributing to the large number of crimes that are committed by individuals who have served a term of incarceration and failed, upon their release, to integrate the phd thesis on crime prevention as law-abiding citizens Rakis, In the absence of material, psychological, and social support at the time of their release, offenders may have a very difficult time breaking the cycle of release and re-arrest.
Short-term prison terms and extended terms of remand in custody provide limited opportunities for successful treatment and interventions to prevent future recidivism. A majority of convicted offenders have at least one prior conviction, either in youth or adult court and, among recidivists nearly one-third have a prior conviction and nearly 75 percent have multiple prior convictions.
Community safety makes it imperative that governments and communities develop effective interventions that will assist ex-prisoners to successfully reintegrate into the community and avoid further criminality.
Managed offender reentry processes and programs are gaining acceptance and may offer a cost effective way of preventing crime. There is therefore an increasing focus among policy-makers and practitioners on identifying programs and strategies that will help prisoners successfully reintegrate back into their communities without re-offending. There is no consensus as to whether ex-offender reentry support programs are effective in assisting reintegration and reducing the rates of recidivism.
To date, there have been few evaluations of existing programs Visher, Many of the current initiatives were developed on the basis of somewhat conflicting program evaluation findings in related correctional areas e. While there is an abundance of ideas as to what, in theory, should work, the findings of program evaluations are often disconcerting. Further, phd thesis on crime prevention, the majority of reintegration programs have not been subjected to controlled evaluations and successful approaches remain to be identified and articulated.
Often, research and practice seem to move on separate tracks Petersilia, As the following review will reveal, there is some evidence that ppositive reintegration outcomes are attained when factors predisposing a person to criminal behaviour are addressed in a holistic fashion and when the physical and social needs of offenders are supported both within phd thesis on crime prevention prison and after the offenders' release Travis, Solomon, and Waul, phd thesis on crime prevention, Nevertheless, facilitating offender reintegration is a complex task and the impact of specific interventions is often difficult to measure.
The crime prevention goal of these programs is measured in terms of offender recidivism, a measure that is, in itself, problematic. Estimating recidivism rates is influenced by how and when reoffending is phd thesis on crime prevention. As well, recidivism may be measured at different points of a known offender's contacts with the criminal justice system Lievore, This paper presents, in a concise manner, some of the available empirical evidence on the effectiveness of programs and interventions that are designed to reduce recidivism by facilitating the successful reintegration of offenders into the community after a term of incarceration.
It identifies practices and programs that appear to hold promise for effective social reintegration of offenders and the reduction of recidivism. Social reintegration is often understood as the support given to offenders during their reentry into society following imprisonment. A broader phd thesis on crime prevention, however, encompasses a number of interventions undertaken following an arrest to divert offenders away from the criminal justice system to an alternative measure, including a restorative justice process or suitable treatment.
It includes imposing community-based sanctions rather than imprisonment in an attempt to facilitate the social reintegration of offenders within the community, rather than subjecting them to the marginalizing and harmful effects of imprisonment. For those who are sentenced to imprisonment, it includes correctional programs in prison, and aftercare interventions United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, In recent years, the post-release, community-based component of these interventions has been variously referred to as "aftercare", "transitional care", "reentry" or "reentry support", reintegration, or resettlement.
Some post-release interventions may begin while the offender is still incarcerated with the intent of facilitating post-release adjustment. In Canada, the expression offender "reintegration" generally refers to "reentry" or "resettlement". In this review, phd thesis on crime prevention, these terms interchangeably to designate interventions, programs and services phd thesis on crime prevention to assist prisoners to live law-abiding lives in the community following their release.
However, the reader is cautioned against using the term "reintegration" too literally, as it should be obvious that, in many instances, phd thesis on crime prevention, the offenders were not prior to their incarceration, phd thesis on crime prevention, successfully integrated into the community, were typically marginalized, and often had failed to acquire the attitudes and behaviours that result in most people functioning productively in society.
In recent years, more emphasis has been placed on designing comprehensive interventions, based on a continuity of care, to provide consistent assistance to offenders within and beyond prison. There is a recognition that preparation for reintegration should commence before the offenders' release. After their release, interventions should support their immediate transition from the prison to the community and reinforce the gains achieved through in prison treatment and continue until a successful reintegration is completed Fox, This approach is often referred to as "throughcare", phd thesis on crime prevention, a system-wide mode of intervention Borzycki, 11; Borzycki and Makkai, All interventions, regardless of their method, are best delivered as part of an integrated program designed to address an individual offender's specific issues and challenges.
And, renewed attention has been given to "strength-based" approaches to make use of personal and community assets in order to help released offenders face their challenges and successfully reintegrate the community Maruna and LeBel, Offenders confined in correctional institutions are confronted by a range of social, economic and personal challenges that tend to become obstacles to a crime-free lifestyle Borzycki and Baldry, ; Visher, Winterfield, and Coggeshall, phd thesis on crime prevention Some of these challenges are a result of the offenders' past experiences and others are more directly associated with the consequences of incarceration and the following difficult transition back to the community Borzycki, Offenders may have a history of social isolation and marginalization, physical or emotional abuse, poor employment or unemployment, and involvement in a criminal lifestyle that began at an early age.
So too may offenders be challenged by physical and mental disabilities and health issues that may be related to substance abuse and drug addiction.
There are also several practical challenges that must be faced by offenders at the time of their release, including finding suitable accommodation with very limited means, managing financially with little or no savings until they begin to earn some lawful remuneration, accessing a range of everyday necessities, and accessing services and support for their specific needs.
The period of transition phd thesis on crime prevention custody to community can be particularly difficult for offenders and contribute to the stress that is associated with being supervised in the community.
The period of incarceration may itself have had several "collateral effects" Borzycki, 36; Borzycki and Makkai, phd thesis on crime prevention, upon many offenders: they may have lost their livelihood, their personal belongings, their ability to maintain housing for themselves and their family; they may have lost important personal relationships and incarceration may have damaged their social networks; they may have experienced mental health difficulties or acquired self-defeating habits and attitudes.
Homelessness, in particular, may place youth at risk of offending Arnull, et al. The costs of programs to support the reintegration of offenders must be assessed against the benefits of avoiding these significant future social and financial costs. The primary criminogenic needs that must be addressed by institutional and community-based treatment services are related to: education, employment, accommodation, drugs and alcohol, mental health, social networks, cognitive skills, and attitudes.
These risk factors are dynamic — meaning they are amenable to change — whereas other phd thesis on crime prevention factors are not Harper and Chitty, Program evaluations in the UK have identified a number of interventions that reduce risk factors. These include pre-school education; family literacy; parenting information and support; reasoning and social skills education; organizational change in schools; and reading schemes" Stephenson and Jamieson, Treatment programs vary in efficacy and none phd thesis on crime prevention completely effective.
Interventions can fail to achieve their objectives because not all offenders are immediately amenable to treatment: a lack of willingness to accept responsibility or a poor motivation to change can make a big difference. Among the obstacles to youth engagement in education, training, phd thesis on crime prevention, phd thesis on crime prevention employment are high levels of non-participation by youth, a lack of knowledge of the issues among professionals and conflicting objectives and target among programs Stephenson and Jamieson, Those offenders who complete treatment programs have higher rates of success in terms of their successful reintegration.
Factors associated with treatment completion include:. Reentry programs are often based on a case-management approach and cover a range of interventions. These interventions are designed to assist offenders in preparing for their release from confinement by helping them acquire the skill sets required to succeed in the community, addressing personal challenges and the factors associated with their criminal behaviour, and establishing the necessary contacts and relationships in the community.
Many, if not most, of these programs include some of form of supervision. Programs are typically developed on the basis of the current understanding of the dynamic risk factors associated with recidivism, the typical needs of offenders, and the challenges they encounter upon their release from prison. Programs vary according to phd thesis on crime prevention recidivism risk factors and the type of social integration challenges they are designed to address.
Many programs focus on specific challenges confronting offenders, such as addiction, drug abuse, or unemployment and many offender reintegration programs have been designed to deal with specific categories of offenders, such as chronic offenders, drug addicted offenders, young offenders, mentally ill offenders, or dangerous sexual offenders. We will review each one of these briefly, phd thesis on crime prevention, as none of these types of interventions, in themselves, seem to produce satisfactory results in terms of reducing future recidivism.
This will serve as an introduction to a brief presentation of some of the most promising forms of interventions designed thus far: integrated and throughcare programs for offender reintegration. Institutional programs designed to prepare offenders to reenter society can include education, mental health care, substance abuse treatment, job training, counseling, and mentoring. These programs are more effective when they are centered on a full diagnostic and assessment of offenders Travis, Some of these programs are offered prior to the release by community-based agencies which are equipped to provide after-care and follow-up with the offenders following their release from confinement.
Effective institutional programs tend to focus on a number of dynamic risk factors and offenders challenges or needs that require attention in order to prepare the offender for release and a successful reintegration. As these programs are voluntary, a large number of offenders do not participate and are subsequently released into the community without any pre-release preparation.
Effective readiness for release, however, is difficult to assess. Some institutionally-based drug treatment programs delivered by the Correctional Service of Canada appear to have a significant impact on the rate of recidivism following release, particularly those that are followed by assistance and support during the aftercare period.
Participants who complete the substance abuse programs have higher rates of recidivism decreased up by to fifty percent, phd thesis on crime prevention. Many practitioners in the treatment and social reintegration fields acknowledge that reintegration support interventions should link institutional services with community-based services, phd thesis on crime prevention.
There is, however, little evidence that interventions that merely refer offenders to community-based service effectively assist in the reintegration process. Providing referrals rather than substantive aftercare is generally ineffective. Rather, there must be linkages between institutional programming and community-based interventions to ensure continuity of support. A review of the selected institutional-based interventions that are designed to address the needs and risk factors of prisoners presented in Table 1 reveals that there are programs that are effective in addressing the needs and risk factors of prisoners prior to their release and which subsequently result in lower rates of re-offending.
More specifically, evaluations have found that several programs delivered by the Correctional Service of Canada, including the Methadone Maintenance program, the Intensive Supervision Units, the HISAP and OSAP drug programs reduce recidivism rates among ex-offenders with substance abuse issues. As well, the faith-based programs operated in the U. have produced positive outcomes. On the other hand, the findings with respect to programs designed to enhance employment and life skills have been mixed.
It is likely that effective programs are characterized by high levels of commitment by staff and prisoners and other programmatic dynamics that are difficult to capture in evaluative frameworks. Surveillance-based programs are centered onsupervision of offenders in the community following release from confinement.
There are four models of parole supervision:. Risk-based strategies operate on the premise that offenders are dangerous and need to be controlled and closely monitored. This control "suggests the need for an 'electronic panopticon' or the 'pee 'em and see 'em' approach to supervising offenders" Gordon, ; Maruna and LeBel, phd thesis on crime prevention, ; p.
Needs-based supervision strategies focus on offenders' criminogenic needs, which mean parole supervisors help offenders get appropriate treatment in programs such as cognitive skills training and addictions counseling Burnett and Maruna, The body of evidence supporting this parole supervision strategy is stronger than that for the risk-based strategy, as recidivism rates have been found to decrease slightly when offenders and treatment programs are correctly matched Maruna and LeBel, The 'middle-ground' position is a combination of the two deficit models.
Things about a PhD nobody told you about - Laura Valadez-Martinez - TEDxLoughboroughU
, time: 16:23Examples of Potential Thesis Topics in Criminology | blogger.com
Your education thesis topic may not be original, but it should be manageable and rich in available literature. Below you’ll find a list of educational topics broken up by major knowledge sections; such as education administration, classroom management, curriculum development, philosophy of education, theories of education, and education of Comprehensive crime prevention programs must include effective measures to prevent recidivism and to stop the cycle of failed adaptation by repeat offenders. Offenders released from confinement face a variety of challenges that may hinder their ability to become law-abiding citizens. Of particular concern are high-risk offenders with lengthy records of criminality Sep 13, · Criminology in and of itself deals with the study of prevention, causes, control, and management of criminal behavior both on individual and larger social levels. When doing research on various topics to use for your criminology thesis, it can be a bit difficult to find exactly the right one to use for your project
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